ER diagram basic

E-R diagram can express the overall logical structure of a database graphically. E-R diagrams are simple and clear—qualities that may well account in large part for the widespread use of the E-R model. Such a diagram consists of the following major components :-

• Rectangles, which represent entity sets
• Ellipses, which represent attributes
• Diamonds, which represent relationship sets
• Lines, which link attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationship sets
• Double ellipses, which represent multivalued attributes
• Dashed ellipses, which denote derived attributes
• Double lines, which indicate total participation of an entity in a relationship set
• Double rectangles, which represent weak entity sets
Consider the entity-relationship diagram in Figure 2.8, which consists of two entity sets, customer and loan, related through a binary relationship set borrower. The attributes associated with customer are customer-id, customer-name, customer-street, and customer-city. The attributes associated with loan are loan-number and amount. In Figure 2.8, attributes of an entity set that are members of the primary key are underlined.
The relationship set borrower may be many-to-many, one-to-many, many-to-one, or one-to-one. To distinguish among these types, we draw either a directed line (→) or an undirected line (—) between the relationship set and the entity set in question.
• A directed line from the relationship set borrower to the entity set loan specifies that borrower is either a one-to-one or many-to-one relationship set, from customer to loan; borrower cannot be a many-to-many or a one-to-many relationship set from customer to loan.
• An undirected line from the relationship set borrower to the entity set loan specifies that borrower is either a many-to-many or one-to-many relationship set from customer to loan.

E-R diagram can express the overall logical structure of a database graphically. E-R diagrams are simple and clear—qualities that may well account in large part for the widespread use of the E-R model. Such a diagram consists of the following major components :-

• Rectangles, which represent entity sets
• Ellipses, which represent attributes
• Diamonds, which represent relationship sets
• Lines, which link attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationship sets
• Double ellipses, which represent multivalued attributes
• Dashed ellipses, which denote derived attributes
• Double lines, which indicate total participation of an entity in a relationship set
• Double rectangles, which represent weak entity sets
Consider the entity-relationship diagram in Figure 2.8, which consists of two entity sets, customer and loan, related through a binary relationship set borrower. The attributes associated with customer are customer-id, customer-name, customer-street, and customer-city. The attributes associated with loan are loan-number and amount. In Figure 2.8, attributes of an entity set that are members of the primary key are underlined.
The relationship set borrower may be many-to-many, one-to-many, many-to-one, or one-to-one. To distinguish among these types, we draw either a directed line (→) or an undirected line (—) between the relationship set and the entity set in question.
• A directed line from the relationship set borrower to the entity set loan specifies that borrower is either a one-to-one or many-to-one relationship set, from customer to loan; borrower cannot be a many-to-many or a one-to-many relationship set from customer to loan.
• An undirected line from the relationship set borrower to the entity set loan specifies that borrower is either a many-to-many or one-to-many relationship set from customer to loan.

presentation introduction

                                   presentation

                                   introduction 

power point is a presentation and graphics package that enables you to present ideas on proposal in a highly propositional way,using a variety of formats-on screen,via overheads, white boards, etcetera,or in printed format

              screen layout

title bar: * identifies the application and the name of your current presentation

menu bar : * pull down menus list the commands and option available

standard toolbar : * provide buttons for the most frequently used options
 formatting toolbar : * contains buttons to change the look of the document text
available toolbar  : * many toolbars are available click the right mouse button in toolbar to see a list more than to other areas on your page by clicking and dragging

 insurrection point : * Usually a flashing I cursor shows where the next character will appear

 document window : * main making Area on the screen

 the ruler : * for changing margins, tabs and indents on documents and tables

 status bar : * area at the bottom of the PowerPoint screen gives detail of slide number and design template. it also provides details on the background activities of automatic document saving and printing

scroll bar : * horizontal and vertical bars used for scrolling through a document

other useful terms and explanation
--------------------------------------------------------------
drag and drop :
* a way of moving small amounts of text in a document
• select text, hold down the left mouse button and drag to a new destination
• to take a copy - hold down the [ctrl] key while tragging

spell check :
* PowerPoint automatically check the spelling as you type either
• if a word  has a jagged red underline,click the right mouse button
° this will give a list of alternative spelling or the option to  a add to the dictionary
• click the left mouse button to select the required option
                         or
used spelling and grammar button of the standard toolbar to spell check the whole document

 zoom :
 * a way of changing the page magnification
• click the [zoom] button on the [standard] toolbar (it look like a white box with percentage in it)
                        or
• from the menu bar,select [view] [zoom]           

pseudo code

Pseudo  code: An  informal highlevel  description  of  the operating  principle  of  a  computer  program.  It  uses  the structural  conventions  of  a  programming  language,  but  is intended  for  human  reading  rather  than  machine  reading.

Rules for Pseudocode

• Write  only  one statement  per  line
• Capitalize  initial  keyword
• Indent  to  show  hierarchy
• End  multiline  structures
• Keep statements language  independent

flowchart

Algorithm

* Algorithm  is  a detailed  step by step  solution  to  a problem. Characteristics

• must  be  precise  (exact)
• must  be  effective  (successful)
• must  have  a finite  number  of  instructions
• execution  must  always 

Programming Tools

Tools  used  to  convert  algorithms  into  computer  programs: Pseudo  code: An  informal highlevel  description  of  the operating  principle  of  a  computer  program.  It  uses  the structural  conventions  of  a  programming  language,  but  is intended  for  human  reading  rather  than  machine  reading. Flowcharts:  Graphically  depict  the  logical  steps  to  carry out a task  and  show  how  the  steps  relate  to  each  other.

Flowcharting

• A flowchart is  a  pictorial  representation  of  an algorithm  or  logical  steps.
• Each  step is  represented  by  a  symbol  and the  arrows indicate  the  flow and order  of  the  steps.
• The  shape of  the  symbol indicates  the  type  of operation that  is  to  occur.

Flow  Control  Structures
Flow control  is  the order in  which  statements are executed. There are three  control structures. 
• sequence  Control Selection  :  Control Flow  Control  Structures. FLOW control  is  the order in  which  statements are executed. There are three  control structures.

Sequence  Control

Selection  Control * Also  referred  to as  b ranching  (if  and  if-else)

Repetition  Control (loops)

what is computer

What is a  Computer?
* A  computer  is  an electronic  device  that manipulates information,  or  data. It  has the ability to  store,  retrieve, and  process  data.

People  use  computers  to make  their  work/  jobs easier.
1. Communication
2. Education
3. Business  purposes
4. Entertainment
5. Travel

Advantages
---------------------
Easy
Reliable
Effective  
Accurate
Time  saving
Money  saving
Connectivity
More??

Evolution  of the Computer

1st  Generation
* Around1940-1956
*Relied on  Vacuum Tubes

2nd  Generation
*Around1956-1963
*Used  Transistors

3rd  Generation
*Around1964-1971
*Used  Integrated Circuits  

4th  Generation
* 1971-present
*Uses  Microprocessors

5th  Generation
Artificial intelligent

Classification  of Computers

Computers  can be classified according to  
Size
Technology
Speed
Capacity,  etc.

Classification  According  to  Size
1. Personal/  Micro Computers Desktop  Computers Workstations
Notebooks  and  Handheld  Computers
Smart  Phones
2. Mini Computers
3. Mainframe  Computers
4. Super  Computers

Classification  According  to  Technology
1. Analog  Computers
2. Digital Computers
3. Hybrid Computers

Computer  Brands
acer
hp
dell
Lenovo
dosiba
ibm

Computer program

Computer  program

A computer  program  is  a  set  of organised instructions that  directs a  computer  to  perform  tasks. Without  programs,  computers are useless.

Computer  Programmin

Programming  is  a  creation  of a  set  of  commands  or  instructions which  directs  a  computer  in  carrying  out  a  task. 

computer  language 

•A computer  language  is  a  set  of symbols  and  rules  used    in constructing  programs. 

• Computer  languages  are  used  to  develop  application  program

c++ paten code

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

    for(int i = 1; i <=7; ++i)
    {
        for(int j = 1; j <= i; ++j)
        {
            cout << "# ";
        }
        For(int x=1 x<=7; x++)
{For (int y=7 y>=1 ;y--){
Cout<<"#";}
        cout << endl;}
 
    return 0;
}

output